Which Benefits of Research Participation Count as ‘Direct’?
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articlesDIRECT BENEFITS AS LIKELY OR SIGNIFICANT BENEFITS. The distinction between direct and indirect benefits was introduced in 1979 by the US National Commission as part of its recommendations on research with individuals who cannot provide informed consent. 4 The Commission argued that these vulnerable subjects should be enrolled in clinical research only when the risks are low or the research ...
Direct and Indirect Benefits Reported by Users of ...
academic.oup.com › ptj › articleNov 01, 2015 · The defining feature of an indirect benefit is that it is consequent upon the direct benefits of TENS, whether that involved a reduction in pain intensity, distraction from pain, reduction in the sensation of muscle tension and spasm, or a combination of or all 3 of these benefits. An overview of all of the indirect benefits is shown in Figure 1.