Square root - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_rootIn mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number y such that y = x; in other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or y ⋅ y) is x. For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16, because 4 = (−4) = 16. Every nonnegative real number x has a unique nonnegative square root, called the principal square root, which is denoted by where the symbol is called …
Fast inverse square root - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_inverse_square_rootFast inverse square root, sometimes referred to as Fast InvSqrt() or by the hexadecimal constant 0x5F3759DF, is an algorithm that estimates , the reciprocal (or multiplicative inverse) of the square root of a 32-bit floating-point number in IEEE 754 floating-point format.This operation is used in digital signal processing to normalize a vector, i.e., scale it to length 1.